(iii) specification of the second stage evaporation coefficient (cona) as an input parameter, providing more flexibility for describing differences in long term soil drying due to soil texture and environmental effects. (ii) small rainfall events are lost as first stage evaporation rather than by the slower process of second stage evaporation, and (i) the effects of surface residues and crop cover on modifying runoff and reducing potential soil evaporation, Modifications adopted from PERFECT include It is notable that redistribution of solutes, such as nitrate- and urea-N, is carried out in this module. Water movement is described using separate algorithms for saturated or unsaturated flow. The water characteristics of the soil are specified in terms of the lower limit (ll15), drained upper limit (dul) and saturated (sat) volumetric water contents. The algorithms for redistribution of water throughout the soil profile have been inherited from the CERES family of models. The SoilWater module is a cascading water balance model that owes much to its precursors in CERES (Jones and Kiniry, 1986) and PERFECT (Littleboy et al, 1992).
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